Climate Change Causes And Effects Essay - 1856 Words

Climate change: Climate change is caused mainly by increase of human activity and industrialisation. For example, activities such as driving cars, farming, burning coal and cutting down forests produce greenhouse gases – mainly carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide which are emitted into the atmosphere, which create a layer of greenhouse gases around the earth and trap the sun s heat. The earth over its 4.5 billion-year history has naturally fluctuated from ice ages to extreme droughts, however in the last 10,000 years or so, the climate became much more stable and sustainable for human beings to live. However, in the past 50-100 years, particularly in the 21st century, with increased human activity like agriculture, transportation, etc, green houses gases have increased majorly and have caused extreme events such as increased floods, storms, cyclones, droughts and landslips. The weather is not only warming up but is also becoming much colder in areas in an extremely fast rate. Climate change is occurring worldwide, as it is effecting the earth directly. However, these are areas on Earth that are already feeling the impact of climate change more than others. For example, Satellite measurements have showed that the waters of Australia s Great Barrier Reef have warmed by 0.2 degrees Celsius on average over the past 25 years which have led to a decline in the amount of seafloor covered in coral. A 2012 study published in the journal Proceedings of the NationalShow MoreRelatedCause And Effect Of Climate Change Essay1220 Words   |  5 PagesCause and effects of Climate Change. General purpose: to inform. Specific purpose: After hearing my speech my audience will know what climate change is, what causes it and its effects now and in the future. Thesis Statement: Climate change is a very important issue that affects all of us. Organization pattern: Cause and effect. Introduction: I. (Attention-getter): How do you explain that 30 years ago we had a different weather than today? When you look at yourself in a dirty mirror; can you seeRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Climate Change1706 Words   |  7 PagesDiscuss the causes and effects of climate change. Present any solutions that are relevant to these issues. Probably the most anxious threat to our earth in these two decades is climate change. Climate change refers to any significant change in the measures of climate lasting for an extended period of time. In other saying, climate change includes major changes in temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns, among other effects, that occur over several decades or longer (Epa.gov, 2015). The rateRead MoreClimate Change : Causes And Effects934 Words   |  4 Pages Climate Change Paper Kaitlyn Yinger 4-17-15 Erin Reese Biology 122: 10:30-12:45 Climate Change What really causes climate change? Is it human cause or is a natural process that is happening? I think that us as humans contribute more to climate change then natural causes. Human Causes Humans affect climate change in different ways, three main ways that humans caused climate change is deforestation, greenhouse gases and Agriculture. Deforestation causes change to the landscapeRead MoreThe Causes And Effects Of Climate Change1084 Words   |  5 PagesAs a result of climate change, natural disaster has increased extremely, especially droughts and floods around the world. In the past several years, it can be seen that various news concerned critical climate variability and extreme weather. For instance, the United States Department of Agriculture (2013) pointed out that the US agricultural land suffered from drought about 80 percent in 2012, while BBC (2015) reported that one of four districts in Myanmar, which were warned of flooding caused byRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Climate Change Essay1260 Words   |  6 PagesCommunication 11, Section D23 Informative Speech 14 November 2016 Causes and effects of Climate Change. General purpose: to inform. Specific purpose: After hearing my speech, my audience will know more what climate change is, what causes it and its effects now and in the future. Thesis Statement: Climate change is a very important issue that affects all of us, we need to know more about this issue. Organization pattern: Cause and effect. Introduction: I. (Attention-getter): When you look at yourselfRead MoreThe Causes And Effects Of Climate Change1690 Words   |  7 Pagesdebates about the pros and cons of climate change and what are the causes and effects of climate change. There are those who argue that the rising levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases in our environment are as a direct result of human activities. Some activities that are at the top of the list include but are not limited to the burning of fossil fuels, the cutting down of our forest, these activities are causing significant and increasingly severe climate changes which include global warming. GlobalRead MoreClimate Change : Causes And Effects1113 Words   |  5 Pages Climate Change: Causes and Effects Student’s Name: Institutional Affiliation: Climate Change: Causes and Effects According to Adger (2010), the combined effect of climate change and limitations of resources is serving as a threat to the sustainability of the current social-economic systems and is poised to affect our way of life. Climatic change is more than global warming. The rise in temperatures is but part of the broader changes leading to extreme temperatures, drought, floodingRead MoreClimate Change : Causes And Effects1347 Words   |  6 Pagesdebated topic of climate change. Climate change is no myth; it’s a further analysis of how our planet is suffering the negative effects of human carelessness, which can be observed through the glaciers worldwide. Due to fossil fuel consumption and deforestation, greenhouse gasses are beyond regular amounts and affecting the glaciers, causing them to melt and increase ocean and sea levels. To further understand Climate Change, one must recognize what it is. When people ponder about climate, they thinkRead MoreClimate Change : Causes And Effects1781 Words   |  8 PagesClimate change, either caused by humans, or naturally occurring, is beginning to affect several areas around the world and is causing human environmental insecurity in some already weakened states and regions. Climate change is defined simply as changes in the earth’s weather patterns. Change in climate becomes a security concern, for example, if decreased rainfall equates to decreased crop production in what was once a dependable food source that has now disappeared. The lack of this resourceRead MoreClimate Change : Causes, Effects And Solutions1774 Words   |  8 Pageslately on the causes, effects and solutions of global climate change. Nearly every day, scientists and politicians speak about the subject, or we hear about it in the news media. On September 23, 2014, President Obama remarke d at a U.N. Climate Change Summit that â€Å"-- there’s one issue that will define the contours of this century more dramatically than any other, and that is the urgent and growing threat of a changing climate† (The White House). The science of climate and climate change involves many

Bullying and Cyberbullying An Analysis - 870 Words

After much analysis of sources relating to the focus question of which of the two genders (boys or girls) are more involved in bullying, an analysis of findings will be conducted. As the aim of the research is to focus on boys and girls between the ages of 14 and 18 (grades 8 to 12), it is important that the types of bullying that are relevant to the age group are looked at. With the advancement of technology, most teenagers in high school are active users of social networking. This leads to cyber bullying. Cyber bullying includes sending â€Å"text messages or messages over social media that are threatening or in any way aimed to hurt or threaten the victim, creating hate sites and gathering followers to reject the victim on social media†. Cyber bullying is an integral part of every teenager’s life. Social platforms such as Facebook, Twitter and Whatsapp are all frequently used by young people to communicate and this is the worst type of bullying because one cannot escape it. According to the study led by Dr. Sarah Pedersen , boys are the most likely out of the two genders to be involved in cyberbullying. Of the 226 children surveyed, 50% of those who had a social network account had been cyberbullied, 40% said they themselves had cyberbullied, â€Å"boys are more bullied online (68%) and are more likely to bully online (50%). Adolescent females revealed (49% and 33% respectively). Cyber bulying is therefore 50% likely to happen to someone with a social network account. As mostShow MoreRelatedCyber Safety For Adolescent Girls : Bullying, Harassment, Sexting, Pornography, And Solicitation1279 Words   |  6 PagesSmith, P.K., Thompson, F., Davidson, J. (2014). Cyber safety for adolescent girls: bullying, harassment, sexting, pornography, and solicitation. Current opinion in obstetrics and gynecology, 26(5), 360-365. This article Cybersafety is based on adolescent female victims in regards to cyberbullying, the issues and risks associated with being a victim of online abuse whether this may be through the internet or mobile devices. And, the interventions which have been implemented to minimize theRead MoreCyberbullying And Its Impact On Cyberbullying1457 Words   |  6 PagesThe article written by Carol M. Walker, Beth Rajan Sockman, and Steven Koehn, â€Å"An Exploratory Study of Cyberbullying with Undergraduate University Students† delves into their study done on undergraduate students to address technology and its impact on cyberbullying. Cyberbullying is defined as, â€Å"The use of information and communication technologies such as email, cellphones, instant messaging†¦ to promote deliberate, repeated and hurtful behavior with the intent to harm others† (Tech Trends JournalRead MoreIs Cyberbullying as Pervasive and as Dangerous as Physical Bullying?1028 Words   |   5 Pagesexperiences are types of cyberbullying. Lots of people have such cyberbullying experiences because it occurs more frequently than before. More specifically, cyberbullying is the use of the Internet, cell phones, or other electronic communication devices to spread harmful or embarrassing information in the form of text, photos or videos about another person. Cyberbullying is worse than physical bullying because of its serious consequences, and the person who suffers the cyberbullying would be hurt mentallyRead MoreA Brief Note On Cyberbullying And Its Effects On Society1085 Words   |  5 Pagesone of the most comprehensive. It defines cyberbullying as â€Å"the use of information and communication technologies such as e-mail, cell phone and pager text messages, instant messaging, defamatory personal websites, and defamatory online personal polling websites, to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behavior by an individual or group, that is intended to harm others† 2.2 Forms of Cyberbullying One of the most widely studied aspects of cyberbullying is the different forms it takes. Hoff andRead MoreCyberbullying Is A Problem That Affects More Than One Third Of Adolescents1692 Words   |  7 PagesWith the new twitter update which allows that creation of polls that users can vote in, countless accounts have been created to poke fun at someone s personality or looks, this is what is called cyberbullying, and it happens each and everyday. Cyberbullying is a problem that affects more than one-fourth of adolescents in middle school and high school. With the growth of technology it has become more imperative to implement programs in schools to help solve this problem. Today, teenagers rely moreRead MoreThe Effects Of Bullying On Children s Involvement1730 Words   |  7 Pagesalleged bullying.† Sadly, this is not the only story of its kind when it comes to bullying, suicide or the school’s involvement. Josh Sidorowicz from Fox17 News (2015) reports about thirteen year-old, Zoe Johnson, who took her own-life, after being cyberbullied on social media. Zoe was a member of the cheer team and just finished seventh grade. She reached her breaking point after being taunted all year long. There are various types of bullying to include emotional bullying, physical bullying, cyberbullyingRead MoreCyberbullying: Comparing Bullying Laws in Minnesota and New Jersey1395 Words   |  6 PagesCyberbullying has become a new and growing problem within today’s society (Hanel, Trolley 33). On May 9th, 2007, the Minnesota State Legislature first amended the original bullying law from 2005 in attempt to strengthening it (Minnesota State Legislature, â€Å"Approved 2005†, â€Å"Amended 2007†). As stated on a report by the United States Department of Education, Minnesota has one of the weakest bullying laws in the nation (United States Department of Education, â€Å"Analysis†). Bully Police graded Minnesota’sRead MoreThe Survival Of The Fittest1405 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Social status is a very important factor to consider in cyberbullying† (Huberman, Loch, ONculer, 2004.)9 It is a way many go by living on this capitalist society. That has lead many to believe that the survival of the fittest is true. Survival is related specifically with rivalry because of the huge number of species and restricted assets. There s always been a steady drive to out-perform others and overcome obstacles. The individuals who beat these obstacles accept they re at the highest pointRead MorePros And Cons Of Cyberbullying1180 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction â€Å"You are a loser†, â€Å"no one likes you†, â€Å"you have no friends†. Sending mean messages such as these through text, or email, spreading rumors or posting embarrassing pictures, videos, or fake profiles are all examples of cyberbullying. Cyberbullying is bullying that takes place using electronic technology such as cell phones, computers, and tablets as well as communication tools including social media sites, text messages, chat, and websites (U.S. Department of Health and Human ServicesRead MoreCrt 205 Final Paper1576 Words   |  7 PagesAssociate Level Material Critical Analysis Forms Fill out one form for each source. |Source 1 Title and Citation: Cyberbullying Has a Broader Impact than Traditional Bullying | |Uhls, Yalda T. Cyberbullying Has a Broader Impact than Traditional Bullying. Cyberbullying. Ed. Louise I. Gerdes. Detroit: | |Greenhaven Press, 2012. At Issue. Rpt. from Is Bullying Going Digital? Cyber Bullying Facts. PsychologyinAction.org. 2010. Gale | |Opposing

Should Banned Be Banned A High School Curriculum

According to the American Library Association, more than 11,300 books have been challenged since 1982. This staggering number reflects thousands of students being denied the rewarding benefits associated with reading complex forms of literature that convey important messages about life and its various problematic, profane, and distasteful aspects. Specifically, the inclusion of banned books in a high school curriculum containing obscene aspects would not only strengthen comprehensive reading skills, but more importantly, increase students exposure to complex ideas that depict a gruesome, yet extremely realistic portrayal of life. Among the novels that have been banned is The Catcher in The Rye, written by J.D Salinger, which describes†¦show more content†¦Vernacchio believes it is crucial to analyze the relationship between sexual questions and thoughts, and character responses. This can be done in an English class setting by interpreting situations where characters are fac ed with risky relationships, sexual confusion, and emotional losses. Likewise, in The Catcher In The Rye, it is impossible for students to analyze Holden Caulfield s actions without noting that the interactions he makes with other characters are all strongly influenced by his confusion about sex, dating, and life. For example, Holden purblindly hires a prostitute to come to an apartment he rents after leaving Pencey University, however when Sunny arrives in Holden s room, he simply talks to her about his recent surgery and avoids any physical contact( Salinger 126). Readers can interpret through Holden s unexpected actions that while he does have sexual feelings for women, he is unsure of his emotions, and his inability to follow through with the prostitute is simply a part of his internal scheme to resist the process of maturity. With this critical analysis in mind, it is benighted and illogical to deter students from any one particular topic within a novel, because it limits stude nts to only observe the aspects of a character deemed innocuous. It is unambiguous that the analysis of all character interactions and thoughts, not excluding sexual innuendo, allows students to observe how characters reflect upon their emotions. This furtherShow MoreRelatedThe Catcher In the Rye Should Not be Banned Essay789 Words   |  4 Pages The Catcher In the Rye Should Not be Banned nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Since its publication in 1951, The Catcher In the Rye, written by J.D. Salinger has served as a conflagration for debate and extreme controversy. Although the novel has been the target of scornful criticism, it has also been the topic of wide discussion. The novel portrays the life of sixteen year old, Holden Caufield. Currently in psychiatric care, Holden recalls what happened to him last Christmas. At the beginningRead MoreBook Banning: Against The Law Essay1293 Words   |  6 Pagesacknowledge the entirety of the situation before jumping with both feet into this metaphorical river. This blind censorship needs to cease. Banned books should be allowed because the books give insight to the culture at the time, because banning brings attention to books that someone did not want anyone else to see, and because people have rights. Schools should not ban books in their libraries because the books merely reflect the culture of the times. In To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, societyRead MoreCat’s Cradle: Bans Without Reason728 Words   |  3 Pagesscience, and contains an educational value that is paramount in correlation to its suggestive themes. Therefore, despite Cat’s Cradle’s minor suggestive content, including religious satire and mature themes, the book possesses important concepts that should not be overshadowed by these negligible reasons. It is puzzling how the novel received bans for such irrational conclusions. Both of the parties behind the bans did not disclose much information on their reasoning. Other than their conjecture of theRead MoreEssay on Censorship and Book Banning1838 Words   |  8 Pagesoccurs across homes, schools, stores, and other facilities daily. Censorship in the schools is the most widespread and exposed place for book banning. Do administrators and school boards have the right to ban books? Are we taking away the rights of children to read? In case of Island Trees Schools District V. Pico in New York, the Supreme Court gave the school board broad discretion to frame curriculum and teach civic and moral values. This case resulted in the school board removing ten booksRead MoreThe Debate Of Chicano Studies . Chicano Studies Has Been1684 Words   |  7 Pages The Debate of Chicano Studies Chicano Studies has been taught in schools for many years now, however there has been recent issues on whether Chicano Studies should be banned or stay available in schools. Many believe that Chicano Studies has played a beneficial role in student’s success while others strongly disagree. I will be presenting both sides of the issue on whether there should be a Chicano studies curriculum or not. I propose having several regulations for Chicano Studies in a wayRead MoreNineteen Reasons Why By Jay Asher1710 Words   |  7 Pagesinspired to write Thirteen Reasons Why from a lot of young adult fiction novels which was soon to become a well-known novel. The novel is about suicide and it includes other mature content, this means that it is on the line of being challenged or banned. Banned books is a common topic that constantly causes protests. Joining it, there are as well challenged books which are both two different things. Banning books is the removal of the materials. Challenging books is the attempt to remove or restrictRead MoreHuckleberry Finn Persuasive Essay1571 Words   |  7 Pagesbe scandalized about. It is the history of slavery and racism in this country that nonetheless, is a truth, a truth that should not be covered up and sugar coated, replaced, or averted from students in schools all over the country or any person at all. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is marked nine through twelve grade level, therefore, it should be taught in high schools in its original form because it’s a â€Å"product of the times,† that can be utilized to educate students about different topicsRead MoreSherman Alexie s The Absolutely True Diary Of A Part Time Indian1322 Words   |  6 Pagessecond most banned and challenged book while in 2014, the Association listed the book as the number one most banned and challenged book. Recently, many parents of 9th grade students have sought to ban the book because of it s offensive language, racism, and sexually explicit language. What guardians don t know about is that different things such as, social media incorporates much more dreadful issues than in this book. Nonetheless, The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian should be allowedRead MoreSingle Sex Schools Should Not Be Banned1786 Words   |  8 PagesSingle sex schools should not be banned Do you want your children study in single sex schools? Single sex schools are the schools that have all same gender students. There are many very famous single sex schools in America like Wellesley College, Smith College, and Mount Holyoke College, which are recorded in the long history of excellence in the education sector. Many people love single sex schools because they think they can get better education than study in a coeducation environment (Sax,Read More Censorship in American Schools Essay1156 Words   |  5 PagesCensorship in American Schools You may not realize this but our government plays a large role in governing what sort of information America’s children are exposed to. The average American child receives the majority of their knowledge and education from school, so the information that is allowed to be taught is a very delicate and controversial issue. Literature is often altered or banned from public schools and libraries because they contain of vulgar language, excessive violence, or connotations

Citizen Kane Analysed free essay sample

Introduction Citizen Kane is undoubtedly one of the world’s most popular films, creating a huge hype even before its release in 1941 (The Battle Over Citizen Kane, 1996). The film has twice topped the American Film Institute’s best American films list in 1998 and 2007. Orson Welles, the director, first came to prominence through his Mercury Theatre’s broadcast production of the radio drama War of the Worlds, intended as a Halloween prank. The drama caused near pandemonium as listeners believed Martians had really invaded New Jersey (Vivian; pg383). Orson Welles, apart from directing, also wrote the film, produced and starred in it. The film was inspired by the William Hearst, a newspaper tycoon, a fact that critics attribute to the film’s commercial failure as he is thought to have had influences on the bad publicity served to the film and its studio RKO. Nearly everyone who previewed the film realised that Citizen Kane was a work of brilliance and Hearst had influenced the failure of the film, with many of his newspapers and other media outlets side-stepping the film. Hearst is reported to have attempted to buy the film rights so that he could burn the negatives, as he claimed it was malicious and defamatory towards him. However, the film did indeed draw some similarities between Hearst and the films character Charles Foster Kane, which I will look into in detail later. The film’s popularity is not mainly its controversies but its style and complexity that have influenced many films that followed in later years. The editor, Robert Wise, did a splendid job in keeping a flawless, homogenous structure for the film. It took nearly two decades for Welles’ masterpiece to be recognized and gain the cult status it enjoys (The American Experience, p4). The film also boasts of eight Oscar nominations, winning one (Best Original Screenplay). . 1. The Marriage of Personalities- Hearst vs. Kane Citizen Kane is widely accepted as a fictitious portrayal of Hearst’s life, concentrating mainly on the last word he muttered before he died- ‘Rosebud’. Born on April 29, 1863 in San Francisco, California, Hearst was the only child of self-made millionaire George Hearst and Phoebe Apperson Hearst. Aged 23, Hearst became the owner of the San Francisco Examiner, while still student at Harvard. It is reported that the paper was given to Hearst Snr, as a debt from a gambler who owned him money (Wierichs, 2002; pg3). According to Wierichs, the George Hearst was a US Senator and was not very much interested in a newspaper; hence he gave its control to William in 1887. Young William, like Welles’ young Charles Kane, was dexterous and vowed to oversee the popularity of his new publication. To achieve his goal, young Hearst acquired the best, both in technology and creative talent. (Wierichs, 2002; pg3). Hearst’s newspaper began to unravel cases of corruption and scandals drawing similarities in the stories carried in the film character’s newspapers. The Examiner was converted to a mixture of investigative reporting and dramatic sensationalism, showing some traits Hearst inherited from his former mentor, journalist Joseph Pulitzer. In 1895, Hearst added the New York Journal to his portfolio, starting a circulation battle with New York World, the newspaper Pulitzer wrote for. (Vivian; pg264). In an attempt to increase circulation, Hearst started to print largely exaggerated articles on the Cuban Insurrection in both his papers (Wierichs, 2002, pg4). Hearst’s series of powerful articles blamed Spain for the bombing and sinking of USS Maine ship. His articles were perceived to incite Americans to go to war with Spain, and are fingered as the causing factor in the Spanish-American War in 1898. Hearst’s famous claim, †¦You furnish the pictures, Ill furnish the war when a reporter from his newspaper visited Cuba and reported that there would be no war (Vivian; pg265) is recreated in the film, when Kane said something similar, in the scene where he was with Thatcher and received a telegram from Cuba. He asked Bernstein to send a message to the reporter, saying, You provide the prose poems Ill provide the war. Hearst later got the nickname Father of Yellow Journalism for his role in sparking off this war. Such sensational stories took centre stage in the film Citizen Kane. Hearst, like Kane, bribed rival writers who tried to tramp him and his papers (Wierichs; pg6). The two characters, Hearst and Kane, had a lot other similarities, apart from being in the publishing business (Dirks, 2002). The two men were both into politics and dreamed of one day becoming America’s President. Hearst followed his father into and twice, got voted into the House of Representatives but was unsuccessful in his running for the post of governor for New York. Wierichs; p8). In the film, Kane had a dream to become president and he ran for the post of governor of New York and also married Emily Monroe Norton, who plays a presidents niece in the film. Similarly, both William Hearst and Charles Kane were involved in extra marital affairs but Hearst is believed to have been in true love with his mistress, Mario n Davies. In the film, Kane had a rugged affair with Susan Alexander, a struggling aspiring opera singer. This shows a link in both men’s love of women in the arts, as Davies was a silent movie actress. (Dirks; 2002). Marion Davies had a successful relationship with Hearst, unlike Susan Alexander, who had got fed up with Kane and left him. Both men are used their influences to help propel their girlfriends’ careers, with Marion Davies receiving a gift of a film studio from Hearst, and Susan Alexander got an opera studio from Kane (Dirks, 2002). The other evident similarity between the two characters is their ownership of luxurious mansions filled expensive art collections. Hearst named his home ‘Hearst’s castle’ whilst Kane’s is called Xanadu (Dirks, 2002). 2. 2 THE GENIUS BEHIND THE FILM Orson Welles, boy genius who gave us Citizen Kane Orson Welles, was born on 6th of May 1915 in Kenosha, Wisconsin. He was born in a family of two- him and his brother who was sent away to school, making Welles the only child at home. Welles parents were estranged when he was four years old (A Welles Biography). In his early years, Welles father became addicted to alcohol and spend time out of employment, at a time Welles mother, a pianist, was ill. She eventually succumbed to her illness when he was only nine. Welles Snr died when his son was only 15. Welles early education was difficult but that changed when he moved to Todd School in 1926. At eleven, Welles was introduced to Roger Hill, the school’s headmaster. Hill later became a father figure in Welles life, something that was lacking in his life. Welles, now the school’s public entertainment organizer, was given free access to the school theatres and printing press. He wrote, directed and starred in a number of school performances. He is reported to have based his career on controversial productions, as he believed that the more they got talked about the better his career progressed. Examples of his works include Macbeth (1936) which was set in Haiti and boasted an entire black cast. In 1937, Welles worked on Julius Cea ser was re-created as a modern drama on fascism. His major break was his role in the radio drama ‘War of the Worlds’ where he convinced listeners to believe that Martians had invaded the earth. This drama caused concern and uproar that threatened to kill his career. However, his talent and hyper-energy seemed to elevate him above the fray, delivering him unscathed to his next challenge and when he graced the cover of Time magazine, he was only twenty-three years old (About the Program, The American Experience; p14). The success of War of Worlds handed Welles a route into Hollywood, with RKO rewarding him with a brilliant contact to write, produce and directs his own films (Lodge et al; 1996; pg136). It is reported that Welles openly declared his love for authority not money (BBC Education; pg14). This declaration can be linked to the character of Kane where similarities between these two men can be drawn. Welles wielded a lot of power in his productions, clearly supported by the numerous roles he played in all his productions, for example he wrote, directed and starred in Citizen Kane and Julius Ceaser. This love of authority is evident in Charles Kane’s personality, as he despised being under someone’s leadership, and loved doing things his own way even if it means hurting others along the way. It is believed that Welles modeled Kane of his own personality and love for authority. William Hearst found Citizen Kane to be too close to his life, especially with portrait of him in the narrative. He was infuriated and attempted to halt the film’s release. This action indirectly went in the films favour as it garnered more publicity to the Welles’ Hollywood debut (Orson Welles Biography, BBC Education; pg150). RKO finally got the green light to release the film in 1941, just a week before Welles’ 26th birthday, but he had already left Hollywood for Europe. He had criticized the studio system and expressed disappointment with his films dismal performance at the box office. Welles arrived in England in 1947 and carried on working in theatre and film. His most remarkable performance was in the play Chimes in Midnight (Orson Welles Biography; pg17). Welles strongest effect was immediate and lasting, credited to years of experience drawn from radio plays and experiments with lenses to create dramatic effects within the frame. His directorial career was as a director unpredictable and scattered with incomplete works. Welles was regarded as maestro within the film industry. He sadly passed away in 1985. 3. An Analysis of the film’s Main Characters 3. 1 Charles Foster Kane The film starts with an introduction of the old main character Charles Foster Kane on his deathbed in his castle Xanadu. Kane, moments before he died, inaudibly whispers the cryptic word rosebud which becomes a key factor in the film as it explores his life up to his death. A March of the Time parody in the film shows a glimpse of Kane’s life, a distant away from the real lifestyle that the character led. This note observation is shown in the scene where an old Kane walks past some mirrors, which subsequently procreates his reflection continuously, metaphorically depicting his multiple personalities and a lost identity. People viewed Kane differently when he was alive and when he died. He was seen as a giant, a titan, a freak who man who saw himself as a demi-God, a superior force up and above everyone else. This is also shown in the promotional poster of the film. The following is a look at the five depictions that other characters gave for Charles Kane. 3. 1. 1 WALTER THATCHER A flashback though Walter Thatcher’s memoirs opens us to the early childhood days of Kane. The memoirs gives us a glimpse of the effects of Kane’s separation from his parents and the decision for him to be taken into Thatcher’s care to prepare him as an heir to his father’s wealth. The director focused on the young Kane as his parents talked with Thatcher about their son’s future, clearly showing us that he was the central to the discussion. His anger and resentment towards Thatcher is also showing when he assaults the banker. The confrontation between Thatcher and Kane also depicts the animosity between them. The memoirs also shows that Thatcher dislike Kane, describing him with phrases like ‘a common adventurer’, ‘spoiled’ and ‘unscrupulous’. 3. 1. 2 MR BERNSTEIN A different depiction of Kane is showed through the eyes of Mr Bernstein. He introduces us to a high-spirited and optimistic evaluation of Kane. It is through him, that we are told how Kane became a newspaper mogul, his coup on New York Enquirer, where he got rid of the editor and recruited the best, renowned staff including his critic friend from college, Jedediah Leland. Kane was earlier on perceived to be a fighter for the oppressed Kane after writing a ‘declaration of principles’ in his first editor’s note. He was a revelation to the poor masses boosting his circulation with stories about scandals and corruption, just like Hearst prodding the American government into a war in Spain. Bernstein’s recounts gives a depiction of problem-free Kane full of essence and good health and having high aims in life that could have made him President, if he had not messed up by having affairs. 3. 1. 3 JEDEDIAH LELAND A third point of view of Charles Kane’s life comes from his best friend Leland. Through him, we are introduced to a rather darker portrayal of the character Kane, with a provided the third flashback of Kanes jigsaw-puzzled life. Leland provided a much darker aspect of Kanes complex life. Contrary to Bernstein’s assertions, Leland believes Kane was an unethical publisher who strayed from the truth by focusing on entertaining the readers. Leland also shows us the disintegrating marriage between Kane and Emily, blaming Kane for spending more time at work than with his wife. Through Leland, we deduce that Kane may have only been attracted to Emily’s good looks and used her as a stepping-stone to his presidential aspiration. He also showed us his disapproval and anger towards Kane’s affair with Susan Alexander though his facial expression. Leland depicts Kane as a nice person who helped other to reach their goals, for example by letting him go to Chicago and when he tried to help Susan with her opera career. Kane’s contradictory personality is depicted when he tried to bribe Leland and also tearing up the declaration of principles he had showed pride in earlier. In conclusion, Leland shows what became of Kane after meeting Susan, his fall from grace and the opposite of the man Bernstein depicts in his flashback. 3. 1. 4 SUSAN ALEXANDER Susan Alexander had imagined Kane to be an ordinary man in the street and at one point he thought he was a magician when Kane played shadow card games. Kane, to Susan, was a funny person with a great sense of humour as showed by her high-pitched laughs. Susan also gave us an insight into Kane’s feeling about the relationship showed by him staying with her despite his rival ousting the secret affair. Kane’s arrogance is also evident as he declares that he is ‘no cheap, crooked Politian trying to save himself from the consequences of his crimes’. This tells us how he was not dependent on someone else to fight his wars. Having lost everything, Kane felt Susan was his last hope and only person who understood him, hence he puts his efforts into making her an opera star by hiring a vocal coach and getting her, her own opera studio. This again is depicted when he is shown as the only person enthusiastically applauding her shows, other than his associates. However, Kane’s enthusiasm changes in a scene when Susan’s character is towered over by Kane’s shadow and almost pushes her over the edge when he demands her to sing again. Kane’s love for Susan is also show by his positive reports and exaggerated popularity of her acts. This again, is evident when Kane gives everything she wants, even building the ‘Xanadu’ for her. Susan’s flashback also shows Kane’s sinister silhouette siting on a throne surrounded by darkness, which in this instance depicts his lavish lifestyle full of controversies. 3. 1. 5 RAYMOND Raymond, Kanes butler, depicts his master as a weird, old man. He gave us an insight into how Kane was lonely and pitiable in a huge and empty palace, a huge contrast to the young Kane before Thatcher took him into his care. Raymond also shows us how Kane, in his last days, searched for his soul for the happy times he had as a boy in the Colorado Mountains. Raymond’s view help us understand that Kane was just a bitter person who resented the way his childhood was taken away from him by this parents’ decision to have him mentored by Thatcher. He was an old man looking for the pure love that his mother has showered him before she gave him away, but that love was hard to find regardless where he searched for it. Kane was a man trying to love and be loved back despite him not knowing how to love. His complex life was well define when the reporter in the sequence, Thomson, summed up that ‘I dont think any word can explain a mans life’ 4. THE BREAKFAST TABLE SEQUENCE A soon as the newly married Charles Foster Kane brought his bride Emily Norton back from Europe, the crack began to develop in their marriage. This scene, recreated in Leland’s flashback is fondly remembered and is one of the famous scenes in the film. Welles intelligently fused techniques to create a time lapse of many years of Kane’s’ life. A mixture of dissolves and clever make up and props showed sheer brilliance in the way the editing was done. Starting with an eye-level two shot of the new couple, sitting closer together, Welles used bright lighting to aid the playful and intimate dialogue. Reserve shot of the couple, depicted them as a loved-up, youthful and enthusiastic pair that is full of life and love. Their young ‘innocent’ love is shown when Kane tells his wife how beautiful she was and subsequently rescheduling his meetings after she complained that he was leaving her alone at home. Five brief shots pairs follow the sequence, each depicting, their eyes growing the increasing doubt and suspicions about each other. The intimacy showed earlier had clearly fizzled out as revealed by the couple’s conversations. The Enquirer later became the link and symbol to their growing animosity. This is shown when Emily started to question Kane’s late night appointments and his heightening vitriol against her uncle, the President. Further, Kane’s lack of patience with his wife is evident as he interrupts her conversations with no sign of care or bother. This is shown when he blurted out ‘What care do I give them’ when Emily was trying what explain how people expected the truth from the media. Welles cleverly uses mise-en-scene to show the time lapse by constantly changing the props and make up. The change in music also depicted the changing emotion within the two characters, from intimacy to near hatred. Kane changes from his beautiful dinner jacket to a formal suit, whilst his wife costume and hairstyle changes with the time lapse. The once clear table, showing their intimacy, changes to a dump with plants and newspapers. This is used to show the problems that has come into the once clear and delightful relationship, now cluttered with suspicions and doubt The sequence is powerfully ended with shot/reverse shot and another two-shot. The reverse shot, shows Kane and Emily, no longer seeing eye-to-eye, as they did before, but now spending silent moments reading separate newspapers, with Kane reading The Inquirer and Emily reading the rival, Chronicle. This shows that the rivalry of the two publications have been transferred into the couple’s home. The camera tracking away from the table, reveals that’s its length have increased and the couple were now occupying opposite position thereby showing us the rift growing in their marriage. The scene is cold and darkly lit in comparison to the earlier scene which undoubtedly brighter and cheerful. Creative editing ensured that this sequence seamlessly packed in several years of Kane’s ill-fated marriage in just a few minutes. The sequence clearly gives the audience a rundown of both happy and sad events in Charles Foster Kane’s marriage to Emily Norton by cleverly joining a variety spaces and a series of conversation from different days into a linear story of the couple’s marriage. The sequence also shows us how Charles Foster Kane’s dreams and desire are turned to nothing as soon as the achieves them, eventually trapping him in vast empty spaces as shown by his lonely last days in the ‘Xanadu’ 5. THE PICNIC SEQUENCE This film’s success is credited to Welles’ articulate use of film as a medium o communicate and explore Charles Foster Kane’s life by using creative and imaginative camera work and locations, aided by equally outstanding use of sound, editing and lighting to captivate the audience and invite them to be part of the protagonist’s journey. All these exceptional traits are evident in the picnic scene recounted late in Susan’s se quence when she was talking to Thompson, the reporter. The three minute, ten seconds sequence consists of just fewer than 25 shots, indicates the end of Charles Foster Kane and Emily Norton’s married life, just like the breakfast table scene I talked about earlier. The scene opens with a mid-shot of Susan, looking sad and dressed casually, sitting next to Kane in the back of the chauffeur-driven car. He was wearing glasses and a hat to show us the sunny weather conditions of on that day. Her disapproval of where they were going is depicted by their silence and the chilled blues music playing on the car radio. The music proved to be explaining Susan’s emotions at that precise time in the car with Kane, in addition to the physical distance between them in the back of the car. The couple continuously argues in this sequence, with Susan claiming that Kane never gives her what she yearns for. Kane’s response is hidden behind the glasses and his silence shows the patience he takes with Susan. The scene that followed, joined by a dissolve, showed the afternoon bright sunlight, in deep focus, shedding a thick, dark shadows, falling right before a line of cars. The different sombre, monotonous, softer cast made the passing cars seems like a funeral convoy. The long blues music provided a long continuous flow, depicting the recurring problems in Charles and Emily’s marriage. The introduction of the song ‘This Cant be Love, added a sad feel to the sequence, and with the somber, soft shadows of passing car, created a funeral-like moment as if this indicated the state of the marriage at that moment. The next shot depicted a singer performing the line ‘this cant be love, because there is no true love’ from the song ‘This can’t be Love’ by Robert Farnon. The use of a black singer to perform this piece could be metaphorically depicting the darkness hovering above the couple’s marriage. This lyric could also be a reference to Kane’s search for that real love he enjoyed from his mother, which he is finding hard to find. Mise-en-scene becomes useful in challenging audience attention to the deep-focus on the other areas of this frame. The presence of Raymond in the scene suggests that whatever is going on, right or wrong, is something to do with their life, the future of their home- the Xanadu and their marriage. It shows that despite where the goes, the Xanadu travels with them in various forms. In one shot, we are shown a Susan and Kane’s tent brightly lit with group of dull lit tents in the background. Their tent is miles away from the rest in appearance and proximity to the camera. Welles tracks towards the tent and dissolves the following shot to reveal the interior of the couple’s dwelling. Here, Welles applies the traditional filming style of shot reserve shot to capture the couple’s conversation inside the tent. This style frames one person at a time within the shot to create a sense of one individual speaking and another listening. This is shown when Kane is in the shot when he is speaking to Susan and same applies when she speaks to her. This style is crucial in showing characters’ facial expressions and emotions as they are usually framed in a mid shot or close up. In this sequence, we are shown an older, overweight and dejected Charles Kane, sitting slouched in a chair, an example of excellent use of make up and props to portray a twenty-something-old young man as an old pensioner. Susan is shown on her knees in front of Kane; a position is captured she assumes a number of times in front of the fire in their palace- Xanadu and on her operatic debut. The director, Orson Welles, employs a low-key lighting technique to shed a dark shadow on Kane’s face, a depiction of the man’s dark personality. Susan rips into Kane, pointing out how he believes buying is the same as love. This is an important point that Leland, Kane’s college friend, as reiterated that Kane had not idea of how to love, often thinking possession and giving out money was a definition of love. When this accusation was leveled against him, Kane was sitting above Susan, assuming a dominant position in the conversation (and her life as well). Leland and Susan’s comments were very important as they were not disputed by throughout the film and were poignant in describing Charles Foster Kane’s complex life. Kane appears to be losing his patience with Susan recurring attacks when he remarks about the pitch of her voice and his wish to have her stop flaunting their life and avoid disagreements and come to same levels with their guests. Kane had remarked: Youre in a tent, darling. Youre not at home. And I can hear you very well if you just talk in a normal tone of voice (Mankiewicz Welles; pg133), implying that he was not keen on their guests listening in on their argument. Susan, however, did was not worried about what others thought, as she carelessly continued with her rhetoric. Kane’s love for Susan is clear when he stands over her, captured from a low angle to give him dominance over her, as the love is evident his eyes, and his face brightens up on seeing his beloved wife in a submissive position. The love in his eyes is further confirmed when he explains that he does everything he do because of the love he has for her. Susan, however, refutes Kane’s show of affection as a front, as he is only interested in her love for him and not vice-versa. Susan goes ahead and mimic the arrogance Kane expresses when compares money to being loved. The vile and bitterness in her voice engulfs the whole situation into an inferno as it hit Kane hard, resulting in his slapping her. Susan shows her defiance by not flinching and telling Kane not to apologise to her, something Kane was not intending to do after all. This picnic scene’s ending shows Susan tightly framed and looking straight up at Kane. Welles dissolves this scene into the next one, with Raymond taking us to inform his boss of the missus’ departure. s with a close up shot of Susan glaring up at Kane and dissolving into the next sequence to a shot of Raymond who leads us to Kane to inform him of Susans leaving. This scene is the final chapter in Kane’s search for love, as his wrong definitions of love are proved wrong, as finally realizes that money is not love. This sequence explains why Kane did not have a happy life despite all the wealth he got from his parents. They, like Kane, used the ‘bank’ to define their love of their son, alienating him from the parental love that he yearned for. 7. CONCLUSION As a flute of smoke rose from Charles Kane’s mansion’s furnace, it effortlessly defines the wasted life of a hardworking man, as the results of his sweat and blood goes up in flame. This demise for Kane’s empire is unexplainable to both him and those around him. Charles Foster Kane died a lonely, miserable man, with no family or friends and soon, his existence would be soon forgotten. This film serves as a moral teaching about the worthlessness on material possession in times of need. Welles showed us that love is very vital and should be cherished whilst it still exists. Charles Kane’s journey is a reminder that money and power become worthless as love and friends can never be bought.